|
Back to State Profiles
 Print
NEW JERSEY
New Jersey received $3,616,409 in federal funds for
abstinence-only-until-marriage programs in Fiscal Year 2006.
New Jersey Sexuality Education Law and Policy
New Jersey law mandates at least 150 minutes of health education during each school week in grades one through 12. In addition, high school students must acquire 3 ¾ credits of health education each year. School districts must align their health education curricula with the New Jersey Department of Education’s Core Curriculum Content Standards.
New Jersey State Department of Education released the Comprehensive Health Education and Physical Education Curriculum Framework in 1999. The New Jersey Comprehensive Health Education and Physical Education Curriculum includes detailed suggestions for teaching about HIV/AIDS, STDs, and teen pregnancy prevention.
The Standard 2.4: Human Sexuality and Family Life section of the curriculum framework addresses a very wide variety of topics for students in kindergarten through high school including gender assumptions, peer pressure, the reproductive system, families, media stereotypes, HIV/AIDS, abstinence, sexual orientation, and marriage. The framework on human sexuality and family life aims to “provide students with the knowledge and skills needed to establish healthy relationships and practice safe and healthful behaviors,” including instruction on “healthy sexual development as well as the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, HIV infection, and unintended pregnancy.”
Standard 2.4 includes guidelines about abstinence and contraception. Specifically, students are taught strategies to support abstinence, and to compare and contrast this practice with the use of contraception. State law also requires that all sexuality education programs and curricula stress abstinence. In addition, “Any instruction concerning the use of contraceptives or prophylactics such as condoms shall also include information on their failure rates for preventing pregnancy, HIV, and other sexually transmitted diseases in actual use among adolescent populations and shall clearly explain the difference between risk reduction through the use of such devices and risk elimination through abstinence.”
New Jersey allows parents or guardians to remove their children from any part of the health, family life or sex education classes if it is “in conflict with his conscience, or sincerely held moral or religious beliefs.” This is referred to as an “opt-out” policy.
See New Jersey Statutes Amended 18A:35-4.7, 18A:35-4.20, and 18A:35-4.21; New Jersey Administrative Code 6A:8-3.1; and New Jersey Comprehensive Health Education and Physical Education Curriculum.
Recent Legislation
Resolution Wants Federal Abstinence Education Funding
Senate Resolution 98, introduced in March 2007 and referred to the Committee on Education, urges Governor Jon Corzine to apply for the almost $800,000 available to the state through Title V federal funding to support abstinence education programs. Governor Corzine has rejected the money based on concerns about some of the strict guidelines imposed by the federal government. The resolution states that “to reject available funding which can be used for a needed and worthy program for our children is poor public policy, and students should be taught that abstinence is the only completely reliable option available to prevent pregnancy or the sexual transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.” (See the Events of Note section for more information on New Jersey’s decision to reject these funds.)
Legislation Requiring Parenting Education Introduced
Assembly Bill 814, introduced in January 2006 and referred to the Assembly Committee on Education, would require that instruction on parenting, including responsibilities and obligations, be included in any family life education course.
Comprehensive Family Life Education Bill Introduced
Assembly Bill 901, introduced in January 2006 and assigned to the Assembly Committee on Education, would require each board of education in the state to offer comprehensive family life education. The legislation defines family life education as “education regarding human development and sexuality, including education on family planning and sexually transmitted diseases, that is medically accurate and age-appropriate; respects community values and encourages parental communication; promotes responsible sexual behavior and addresses both abstinence and the use of contraception; promotes individual responsibility and involvement regarding sexuality; and teaches skills for responsible decision-making regarding sexuality.” The bill would also repeal current New Jersey law requiring that such courses stress abstinence as the only completely reliable means for eliminating STDs and avoiding pregnancy.
Legislation Allows Students to Opt-Out
Senate Bill 979 and Assembly Bill 155 would allow a student enrolled in health, family life, or sexual education programs at a school that requires participation in such classes to be excused from the requirements if they present a signed statement that such classes are in conflict with their religious or moral beliefs. The student cannot be penalized for being excused. The bills were introduced in January 2006 and assigned to the Senate Committee on Education and the Assembly Committee on Higher education.
Events of Note
New Jersey Governor Jon Corzine Rejects Title V Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Funding
October 2006; New Jersey
In October of 2006, New Jersey’s Governor Jon Corzine (D) rejected federal funding for abstinence-only-until-marriage programs in New Jersey.2
Fred M. Jacobs, Commissioner for the N.J. Department of Health and Senior Services, and Lucille Davy, Commissioner for the N.J. Department of Education, informed the federal government of the state’s decision in a letter to U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Secretary Michael Leavitt. According to the letter, the federal government’s abstinence-only-until-marriage guidelines contradict the New Jersey’s Core Curriculum Content Standard which has been in place for more than 25 years and which requires a more comprehensive approach to sexuality education. Moreover, the governor’s office cautioned that accepting federal abstinence-only dollars may, in fact, cost the state money because students may require additional sexuality education to clarify the partial information and correct the misinformation that is taught in abstinence-only-until-marriage programs.3
New Jersey has received abstinence-only-until-marriage funding since 1997. In past years, the federal government allowed states the flexibility to run programs in a way that was consistent with their core curriculum content standards. One of the reasons Jacobs and Davy cite for rejecting Title V funds this year is the new requirement that states adhere to all eight points of the federal government’s definition of “abstinence education,” leaving them with no flexibility to determine the best approach for New Jersey students and putting them out of compliance with their own state education standards. The letter explains that “…strict adherence to all of the elements of the Title V abstinence education program is not consistent with the Comprehensive Health and Physical Education standards and New Jersey’s AIDS Prevention Act of 1999.”4
New Jersey joined other states like Maine and California in turning away federal monies that require unproven abstinence-only-until-marriage programs be taught to young people.
New Jersey’s Youth: Statistical Information of Note5
-
In 2005, 44% of female high school students and 44% of male high school students in New Jersey reported ever having had sexual intercourse compared to 46% of female high school students and 48% of male high school students nationwide.
-
In 2005, 3% of female high school students and 7% of male high school students in New Jersey reported having had sexual intercourse before age 13 compared to 4% of female high school students and 9% of male high school students nationwide.
-
In 2005, 10% of female high school students and 14% of male high school students in New Jersey reported having had four or more lifetime sexual partners compared to 12% of female high school students and 17% of male high school students nationwide.
-
In 2005, 35% of female high school students and 31% of male high school students in New Jersey reported being currently sexually active (defined as having had sexual intercourse in the three months prior to the survey) compared to 35% of female high school students and 33% of male high school students nationwide.
-
In 2005, among those high school students who reported being currently sexually active, 65% of females and 79% of males in New Jersey reported having used condoms the last time they had sexual intercourse compared to 56% of females and 70% of males nationwide.
-
In 2005, among those high school students who reported being currently sexually active, 18% of females and 13% of males in New Jersey reported having used birth control pills the last time they had sexual intercourse compared to 21% of females and 15% of males nationwide.
-
In 2005, among those high school students who reported being currently sexually active, 19% of females and 25% of males in New Jersey reported having used alcohol or drugs the last time they had sexual intercourse compared to 19% of females and 28% of males nationwide.
-
In 2000, New Jersey’s abortion rate was 47 per 1,000 women ages 15–19 compared to a teen abortion rate of 24 per 1,000 nationwide.6
-
In 2003, women ages 15–19 accounted for 18% of the 32,762 total abortions performed in New Jersey.7
-
In 2004, New Jersey’s birth rate was 24 per 1,000 women ages 15–19 compared to a teen birth rate of 41 per 1,000 nationwide.8
Title V Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Funding
New Jersey received $914,495 in Title V abstinence-only-until-marriage funding in Fiscal Year 2006. The Title V abstinence-only-until-marriage grant requires states to provide three state-raised dollars or the equivalent in services for every four federal dollars received. The state match may be provided in part or in full by local groups. New Jersey contributes $31,987 towards the matching fund; the remainder of the match is provided by sub-grantees.
There are nine sub-grantees: Camden County Chapter, American Red Cross; Catholic Community Services; Community Health Care; Cumberland County Department of Health; Freedom Foundation of NJ; Free Teens USA, Inc.; Montclair State University, Project HOPE; Peer Challenge; and St. Peter’s Medical Center. Sub-grantees use a variety of curricula including: Abstinence Pick and Choose, Adolescent Fertility Awareness, Best Friends, Choosing the Best, Peer Challenge, Removing the Risk, Sex Can Wait,and We CAN (Can Abstain Now).
SIECUS reviewed two of the curricula produced by Choosing the Best, Inc.: Choosing the Best LIFE (for high school students) and Choosing the Best Path (for middle school students). These reviews found that the curricula name numerous negative consequences of premarital sexuality activity and suggest that teens should feel guilty, embarrassed, and ashamed of sexual behavior. For example, Choosing the Best LIFE states, “Relationships often lower the self-respect of both partners—one feeling used, the other feeling like the user. Emotional pain can cause a downward spiral leading to intense feelings of lack of worthlessness (sic).” Choosing the Best PATH says, “Sexual activity also can lead to the trashing of a person’s reputation, resulting in the loss of friends.” 9
One of the sub-grantees, Peer Challenge, brings its “Wheel of Misfortune” to middle schoolers to promote abstinence-until-marriage using messages of shame and fear. Teens spin the wheel and are then taught about the consequences of the slice of the wheel they land on. The wheel lists sexually transmitted diseases (STD’s), teen pregnancy, and presents other “hazards” of sexual activity including a broken heart, ruined reputation, and rejection. The leaders of the “Wheel of Misfortune” have reportedly visited every eighth grade class in their area for the last several years. One of the leaders recently told a class of eighth graders, “If you play, you’re going to pay. Girls, you can only get pregnant one or two days a month but you can get an STD 365 days a year.” 10
Community-Based Abstinence Education (CBAE) and Adolescent Family Life Act (AFLA) Grantees
There are four CBAE grantees in New Jersey: Columbus Hospital, Impact Community Development Corp, Free Teens USA, and Several Sources Foundation. There is one AFLA grantees in New Jersey: Freedom Foundation of NJ.
Several Sources Foundation runs different organizations that endorse anti-choice and abstinence-only-until-marriage messages. On its website, Several Sources founder Kathy DiFiore states that the organization was founded to offer shelter to pregnant women, and that “while young women are awaiting the births of their babies, they are counseled on abstinence and attend chastity workshops. They are taught to resist temptation…”11 Several Sources encourages the young women to take a “chastity pledge…. The young women then make a promise to wait until marriage to engage in sexual activity and they agree if they break the promise they will remove the chastity ring.”12 Research has found that under certain conditions such commitments may only help some adolescents delay sexual intercourse. When they work, pledges help this select group of adolescents delay the onset of sexual intercourse for an average of 18 months—far short of marriage. Researchers found that pledges only worked when taken by a small group of students. Pledges taken by a whole class were ineffective. More importantly, the studies also found that those young people who took a pledge were one-third less likely to use contraception when they did become sexually active than their peers who had not pledged. These teens are therefore more vulnerable to the risks of unprotected sexual activity such as unintended pregnancy and STDs, including HIV/AIDS. Further research has confirmed that although some students who take pledges delay intercourse, ultimately they are just as likely to contract an STD as their non-pledging peers. The study also found that the STD rates were higher in communities where a significant proportion (over 20%) of the young people had taken virginity pledges.13
Several Sources has two abstinence-only-until-marriage websites: www.chastitycall.org and www.thechoicegame.com. “Chastity Call” states, “Chastity means more than just abstinence. Chastity means asking God to help you make the right decisions when dating!”14 This website contains a section on chastity poems and lists Bible verses relating to chastity. Under the section “Teaching Chastity,” the website states, “The basic premise of our Chastity Program is that all of us are God’s loving creatures; that He has created us in His own image.”15
“The Choice Game” is supported by the organization’s CBAE grants. The program includes six CD-ROMS with interactive “soap operas.” Students direct the players in the soap operas in order to see the consequences of their decisions. At the end of the nine-week program, participants are asked to sign a pledge promising to remain abstinent until they marry. If they sign this pledge, they receive a sterling silver ring to wear on their wedding finger.
Another CBAE grantee, Impact Community Development Corporation, also promotes virginity pledges as part of its “Winners Wait” abstinence-only-until-marriage program. During one presentation at a public school, program facilitators distributed books calling virginity a “gift” and handed out “wait wings” to students who made a virginity pledge.16
“Winners Wait” program facilitators, like the majority of abstinence-only-until-marriage instructors, discuss condoms only in terms of their failure rates. On its website, Winners Wait highlights staff and program facilitators. One program facilitator, Annette Rivera, spoke with “a seventh-grade student asking questions about condoms,” the website reports. “Based on her relationship with the student throughout the class, Ms. Rivera was able to share her knowledge of the risks and potential failures of condoms.”17
Free Teens USA is an abstinence-only-until-marriage program used in 38 states and 70 countries.18 Free Teens states on its website, “Safe sex is tricky, used wrong, sex can be a lethal weapon.”19 The website contains misinformation about condoms stating, “Millions of Americans are infected with gonorrhea or Chlamydia each year…Condoms provide little or no protection for these two STDs because condoms don’t cover all the parts that can become infected.”20 In truth, according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), latex condoms, when used consistently and correctly, can reduce the risk of transmission of gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and trichomoniasis.21
Free Teens USA asks, “Who owns ‘my body?’... When we join in sexual intimacy with someone we are potentially joining our lineage with that person’s. For that reason, having sex is never just a personal act… No, it’s not just your body. It’s your whole lineage forever. Get it?”22
Free Teens USA partnered with Culture Machine, a “youth development program that uses music and media productions to inspire youth to live healthy lives and become role models in their communities and the world,” to sponsor the 2006 Love Smart Video Contest, in which teens submitted self-produced videos about sex and abstinence. The winning video, “Memoirs of a Man-Ho,” includes a violent depiction of HIV in which cartoon figures representing AIDS appear as dark gunmen wielding machine guns, knives, and mace. They use these weapons to attack the cells (pictured as stick figures) inside a young man’s body by bashing their heads and gunning them down violently. Blood runs everywhere. In another scene the doctor tells the young “Man-Ho,” Billy, “You’re just covered in AIDS. You’re soaking in it…. It’s also completely fatal.”23 At the end of the film Billy says, “Why was I such an idiot? Why did I mess around with all those lady-types? Why didn’t I listen to my parents? I should have been abstinent—now I have AIDS.”24 The narrator concludes, “Billy thought he was being cool by having sex with a lot of people. But actually, he was only giving himself AIDS.”25 These graphic cartoon images are clearly designed to scare young people rather than to education them.
Free Teens USA, Inc. has had connections with the Reverend Sun Myung Moon’s Unification Church. Although the organization claims not to have ties to Moon or his church, documents obtained through the Freedom of Information Act revealed that the director, chief financial officer, and some board members were former or are presently high-ranking Unification Church officials.26 Moon and his Unification Church have publicly made anti-gay, misogynistic, and anti-Semitic statements.
Federal and State Funding for Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Programs in FY 2006
Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Grantee
Length of Grant
|
Amount of Grant |
Type of Grant (includes Title V, CBAE, AFLA, and other funds) |
New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services
www.state.nj.us/health |
$914,495 federal
$31,987 state |
Title V |
Camden County Chapter, American Red Cross
www.camdenredcross.org |
$80,132 |
Title V sub-grantee |
Catholic Community Services
www.ccsnewark.org |
$95,000 |
Title V sub-grantee |
Community Health Care
www.sjhs.com/community services |
$79,890 |
Title V sub-grantee |
Cumberland County Department of Health
www.cshealth.org/Cumberland |
$26,955 |
Title V sub-grantee |
Freedom Foundation of New Jersey DUAL GRANTEE
2004–2009 |
$120,000 $293,156 |
Title V sub-grantee
AFLA |
Free Teens USA, Inc DUAL GRANTEE
2005–2008
www.freeteensusa.org |
$115,000 $800,000 |
Title V sub-grantee
CBAE |
Montclair State University, Project HOPE
http://cehs.montclair.edu/academic/hns/
programs/centersandprojects.shtml |
$90,503 |
Title V sub-grantee |
Peer Challenge |
$100,570 |
Title V sub-grantee |
St. Peter’s Medical Center |
$84,255 |
Title V sub-grantee |
Columbus Hospital
2004–2007
www.cathedralhealth.org/ columbus.html |
$393,500 |
CBAE |
Impact Community Development Corporation
2004–2007
www.impactcdc.org |
$439,307 |
CBAE |
Several Sources Foundation
2005–2008
www.severalsourcesfd.org |
$775,951 |
CBAE |
Title V Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Coordinator
Cynthia A. Collins, M.S., R.D.
Program Manager, Child and Adolescent Health
New Jersey Department of Health & Senior Services, Child and Adolescent Health Program P.O. Box 364
Trenton, New Jersey 08625-0364
Phone: (609) 292-1723 |
New Jersey Organizations that Support Comprehensive Sexuality Education
ACLU of New Jersey
P.O. Box 32159
Newark, NJ 07102
Phone: (973) 642-2084
www.aclu-nj.org
|
Answer
41 Gordon Rd., Suite C
Piscataway, NJ 08854
Phone: (732) 445-7929 |
Family Planning Association
of New Jersey
210 West State St.
Trenton, NJ 08608
Phone: (609) 393-8423
|
HiTOPS
21 Wiggins St.
Princeton, NJ 08540
Phone: (609) 683-5155
www.hitops.org |
Hyacinth AIDS Foundation
317 George St., Suite 203
New Brunswick, NJ 08901
Phone: (732) 246-0204
www.hyacinth.org
|
NARAL Pro-Choice New Jersey
P.O. Box 23312
Trenton, NJ 08607
Phone: (609) 439-4516
www.prochoicenj.org |
New Jersey Lesbian and Gay Coalition
P.O. Box 11335
New Brunswick, NJ 08906
Phone: (732) 828-6772
www.njlgc.org
|
New Jersey National Organization for Women
110 West State St.
Trenton, NJ 08608
Phone: (609) 393-0156
www.nownj.org |
New Jersey Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice
P.O. Box 13
Mt. Freedom, NJ 07974
Phone: (973) 656-9494
www.njrcrc.org |
Planned Parenthood of Greater Northern
New Jersey
196 Speedwell Ave.
Morristown, NJ 07960
Phone: (973) 539-9580
www.ppgnnj.org |
New Jersey Organizations that Oppose Comprehensive Sexuality Education
New Jersey Christian Coalition
560 Hoover Avenue
Township of Washington, NJ 07676
Phone: (201) 358-1382
www.njchristiancoalition.org
|
New Jersey Family Policy Council
P.O. Box 6011
Parsippany, NJ 07054
Phone: 1-800-653-7204
www.njfpc.org |
New Jersey Right to Life
113 North Avenue W
Cranford, NJ 07016
Phone: (908) 276-6620
www.njrtl.org |
|
Newspapers in New Jersey
Asbury Park Press
Education Editor
3601 State Route 66
Neptune, NJ 07753
Phone: (732) 643-4281
|
Courier News
Education Editor
P.O. Box 6600
Bridgewater, NJ 08807
Phone: (908) 722-8800 |
Courier-Post
Shawn Rhea
Health & Medicine Section Editor
301 Cuthbert Rd.
Cherry Hill, NJ 08002
Phone: (856) 486-2475
|
Courier-Post
Barbara Rothschild
Education Reporter
301 Cuthbert Rd.
Cherry Hill, NJ 08002
Phone: (856) 486-2416 |
Herald News
Health & Medicine Editor
1 Garret Mountain Plz.
West Paterson, NJ 07424
Phone: (973) 569-7000
|
Home News Tribune
Education Reporter
35 Kennedy Blvd.
East Brunswick, NJ 08816
Phone: (732) 246-5500 |
The Hudson Reporter Newspapers
Education Editor
1400 Washington St.
Hoboken, NJ 07030
Phone: (201) 798-7800 |
The Jersey Journal
Ken Thorbourne
Education Editor
30 Journal Sq.
Jersey City, NJ 07306
Phone: (201) 653-1000
|
NJN/ New Jersey Network
Sara Lee Kessler
Health & Medicine Correspondent
25 S. Stockton St.
Trenton, NJ 08608
Phone: (973) 877-1631
|
The Press of Atlantic City
Diane D’Amico
Health & Medicine Editor
11 Devins Ln.
Pleasantville, NJ 08232
Phone: (609) 272-7266 |
The Record
Mary Jo Layton
Health & Medicine Reporter
150 River St.
Hackensack, NJ 07601
Phone: (201) 646-4585
|
The Record
Lindy Washburn
Health & Medicine Reporter
150 River St.
Hackensack, NJ 07601
Phone: (201) 646-4309 |
The Star-Ledger
John Moorey
Education Reporter
1 Star Ledger Plz.
Newark, NJ 07102
Phone: (888) 782-7533 |
The Times
Ida Furente
Community News Editor
500 Perry St.
Trenton, NJ 08618
Phone: (609) 989-5666 |
References
- This refers to the fiscal year for the federal government which begins on October 1 and ends on September 30. The fiscal year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends; for example, Fiscal Year 2006 begins on October 1, 2005 and ends on September 30, 2006.
- Letter from Fred M. Jacobs, M.D., J.D., Commissioner, New Jersey Department of Health and Services and Lucille Davy, Commissioner for the New Jersey. Department of Education to Secretary Michael Leavitt, The United States Department of Health and Human Services, 24 October 2006.
- Ibid.
- Ibid
- Unless otherwise cited, all statistical information comes from Danice K. Eaton, et al., “Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United States, 2005,” Surveillance Summaries, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, vol. 55, no. SS-5 (9 June 2006): 1-108, accessed 26 January 2007, <http://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/yrbs/index.htm>.
- U.S. Teenage Pregnancy Statistics: Overall Trends, Trends by Race and Ethnicity and State-by-State Information (New York: The Guttmacher Institute, February 2004), accessed 26 January 2007, <http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/2006/09/12/USTPstats.pdf>.
- Reported Induced Terminations of Pregnancy by Selected Characteristics New Jersey Occurrences, 2003 (Trenton, NJ: Department of Health and Senior Services, 2004), accessed 26 January 2007, <http://www.state.nj.us/health/chs/itop/itop2003.htm>.
- National Vital Statistics Reports 55.01 (Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 2006), 10, accessed 26 January 2006, <http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr55/nvsr55_01.pdf>.
- Bruce Cook, Choosing the Best LIFE (Marietta, GA: Choosing the Best Inc., 2000); Bruce Cook, Choosing the Best PATH (Marietta, GA: Choosing the Best Inc., 2000). For more information, see SIECUS’ reviews of Choosing the Best LIFE and Choosing the Best PATH at <http://www.communityactionkit.org/curricula_reviews.html>.
- Richard Degener, “State Rejects Abstinence Funding, Corzine Turns Down $945,000 Grant [from the] Federal Government,” Press of Atlantic City, 8 December 2006, accessed 12 February 2007, <www.pressofatlanticcity.com/top_story/v-printer/story/7000046p-6860266c.html>.
- “About Us,” Several Sources Foundation, (2001-2006) accessed 23 January 2007, <http://www.severalsourcesfd.org/history.html>.
- Ibid.
- Peter Bearman and Hannah Brückner, “Promising the Future: Virginity Pledges and the Transition to First Intercourse,” American Journal of Sociology 106.4 (2001): 859-912; Peter Bearman and Hannah Brückner, “After the Promise: The STD Consequences of Adolescent Virginity Pledges,” Journal of Adolescent Health 36.4 (2005): 271-278.
- “Chastity, Abstinence & Dating!,” Chastity Call, accessed 23 January 2007, <http://www.chastitycall.org>.
- “Chastity Curriculum,” Chastity Call, accessed 23 January 2007, <http://www.chastitycall.org/teach-curic.html>.
- “Peer Leadership Initiative,” Impact Community Development Corporation, (2006), accessed 23 January 2007, <http://www.sitehome.org/site/PageServer?pagename=icdc_peerleadership>.
- “Committed to Abstinence: Winners Wait Program Staff,” Winners Wait, (Spring 2006), accessed 2 February 2007, <http://www.sitehome.org/site/PageServer?pagename=icdc_communitydevelopment>.
- “Home: What is Free Teens?,” Free Teens USA, (17 November 2006), accessed 2 February 2007, <http://www.freeteensusa.org/index.html>.
- Ibid.
- “The Reality of Sexually Transmitted Diseases,” Free Teens USA, accessed 2 February 2007, <http://www.freeteensusa.org/reality_diseases.html>.
- “Fact Sheet for Public Health Personnel: Male Latex Condoms and Sexually Transmitted Diseases,” Centers for Disease Control, (2000), accessed 23 March 2007, < http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/od/condoms.pdf>.
- “It’s My Body’ Fallacy,” Free Teens USA, accessed 2 February 2007, <http://www.freeteens.org/notyourbody.html>.
- Tymon and Ranin Brown, “Memoirs of a Man-Ho,” Culture Machine, (2006), accessed 2 February 2007, <http://www.culturemachine.com/>.
- Ibid,
- Ibid.
- John Gorenfeld, “Bad Moon on the Rise,” Salon.com, 24 September 2003, accessed 15 February 2007, <http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2003/09/24/moon/print.html>.
|
