Policy and Advocacy

Policy and Advocacy

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CALIFORNIA

California received $6,492,700 in federal funds for
abstinence-only-until-marriage programs in Fiscal Year 2006.1

California Sexuality Education Law and Policy
California does not require schools to teach sexuality education. However, if schools do teach sexuality education, which they are permitted to do in kindergarten through the twelfth grade, they must follow certain guidelines. In addition, California schools are required to teach HIV/AIDS education to students at least once in middle school and once in high school.

California state law requires that all instruction be age-appropriate and medically accurate, which is defined as “verified or supported by research conducted in compliance with scientific methods and published in peer-reviewed journals, where appropriate, and recognized as accurate and objective by professional organizations and agencies with expertise in the relevant field, such as the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the American Public Health Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.”

In addition, California law stipulates that “instruction and materials shall be appropriate for use with pupils of all races, genders, sexual orientations, ethnic and cultural backgrounds, and pupils with disabilities.” Instruction must also encourage parent-child communication about sexuality.

From grade 7 on, all instruction must include information about abstinence while “providing medically accurate information on other methods of preventing pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases.” This instruction must “provide information about the effectiveness and safety of all FDA-approved contraceptive methods in preventing pregnancy, including, but not limited to, emergency contraception.”

Each school district must provide in-service training for all teachers and school employees who conduct HIV-prevention education. School districts may contract with outside consultants either to teach students or provide the in-service training.

In addition to the California law, the state’s Health Education Framework emphasizes the need to address HIV/AIDS, STDs, and pregnancy prevention and provides suggestions for curricula. The Health Education Framework was developed by the Curriculum Development and Supplemental Materials Commission and was adopted by the California Department of Education in 2003.

Parents or guardians may remove their children from sexuality education and/or STD/HIV education classes. This is referred to as an “opt-out” policy.

See California Education Code Sections 51930 through 51939 and Health Education Framework for California Public Schools: Kindergarten Through Grade Twelve.

Recent Legislation

Bill Requires an Abstinence Education Program
Assembly Bill 708, introduced in February 2007 and referred to the Assembly Committee on Health, would require the California State Department of Public Health to “develop and implement a program of abstinence education in a manner that would maximize federal financial participation.”

Stronger Families for California Act Introduced
Assembly Bill 1511, introduced in February 2007 and referred to the Committee on Health, would establish the Stronger Families for California Program, a public education program that aims to decrease teenage pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases through a “continuing information and public
education program that equips parenting adults with the communication skills necessary to talk with their children about sex, sexual health, and making well-informed decisions to protect their health and safety.”

Legislation to Expand HIV-Prevention Strategies to Include Age-Appropriate Materials
Assembly Bill 659, introduced in February 2007, would expand current HIV-prevention strategies to include age-appropriate education materials for youth and senior citizen populations. It passed the Committee on Higher Education and was referred to the Appropriations Committee.

Legislation to Require Parental Notification on Sexual Orientation Discussions
Assembly Bill 1249, introduced in February 2007 and referred to the Committee on Education, would add a requirement to the Comprehensive Sexual Health and HIV/AIDS Prevention Education Act under which parents or guardians would be notified of teacher-initiated discussions on sexual orientation.

Sexual Health Education Accountability Act Introduced
Assembly Bill 629, the Sexual Health Education Accountability Act, was introduced in February 2007 and referred to the Committees on Health and Education. This bill would require any program that provides state-funded education to prevent adolescent and unintended pregnancy or to prevent sexually transmitted infections to meet specific requirements. These requirements include: providing medically accurate, current, and objective information; ensuring that instruction by an individual utilizes current scientific data on human sexuality, human development, pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infections; guaranteeing age-appropriate content; prohibiting instruction or promotion of religious doctrine; ensuring cultural sensitivity; and providing information about the effectiveness and safety of at least one contraceptive drug or device approved by the Food and Drug Administration.

Legislation Bans Teachers from Teaching about Socialism, Humanism, or Homosexuality
Assembly Bill 2311 prohibits teachers from teaching about or advocating for communism, socialism, humanism, or homosexuality. The bill was introduced in February 2006 but failed to pass out of the Committee on Education.

Bill Bans Surveys on Gender and Sexual Orientation
Assembly Bill 2891 changes existing law that prohibits students from being questioned on numerous subjects without a parent or guardian’s permission to include language about gender and sexual orientation. The bill was introduced in February 2006 but failed to pass the Assembly Committee on Education.

California Community Sexual Health Education Act Passes Senate and Assembly Committee on Health
The California Community Sexual Health Education Act, Senate Bill 1471, would have required that any education that is intended to prevent teenage or unintended pregnancy and/or STDs and is conducted, administered, or receives funding from the state meet certain requirements. These requirements include that this education be medically accurate, age-appropriate, and, if age-appropriate, include information on abstinence and “the effectiveness and safety of one or more drugs or devices approved by the Federal Food and Drug Administration” for use in preventing unintended pregnancies or STDs. These programs would also not be allowed to “reflect or promote bias against any person on the basis of disability, gender, nationality, race, or ethnicity, religion, or sexual orientation.” All requirements hold regardless of whether the program is multi- or single-session.

The bill was introduced in February 2006 and referred to the Senate Committees on Health and Appropriations where it passed with amendments. It was referred to the Committees on Health and Appropriations in the Assembly and, following several amendments, was referred back to the Senate. After the Senate concurred with the Assembly’s amendments, it was enrolled to the governor in September of 2006 and subsequently vetoed by the governor later that month.

Legislation Would Establish and Fund Parent-Child Communication Assistance Program
Assembly Bill 2141, introduced in February of 2006 and referred to the Appropriations committee, would establish and require funding for qualified community-based programs, initiatives, or activities that focus on parents, guardians, or parenting adults of minor children with the goal of decreasing teen pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. The funding would be allocated to programs that equip parents, guardians, and parenting adults with the knowledge, understanding, and communication skills necessary to talk to their children about their sexual health, including preventing unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases, and making responsible decisions regarding risky sexual behavior. Priority for funding would be given to programs, initiatives, or activities that meet a number of criteria including those that have demonstrated cultural sensitivity and competence and those that use materials that are objective and meet a rigorous standard of medical accuracy.

Events of Note

Sexuality Education Advocates Argue STD Fight Requires Education
November 2006; San Francisco, CA
On November 2, 2006, former Surgeons General David Satcher and Joycelyn Elders met with sexuality researchers to discuss how to move beyond abstinence-only-until-marriage programs in the United States and find successful ways to combat the staggering rates of sexually transmitted diseases.

The discussion raised questions about the efficacy of abstinence-only-until-marriage programs. As Dr. Elders explained, “Part of it is our country: We just don’t like to talk about sex. Our silence has really been deafening, and the people who suffer the most are the young.”2 California is the only state that has never accepted federal funding for abstinence-only-until-marriage programs under Title V. (See the Title V section for more information about this abstinence-only-until-marriage funding stream.)

Abstinence Talk Cancelled over Insufficient Parental Notification
November 2006; Calaveras, CA
An abstinence-only-until-marriage assembly was cancelled at Bret Harte High School in Calaveras, CA after parents complained that they were not given adequate notice of the presentation.

An evangelical Catholic minister was scheduled to give a talk to teenagers about chastity, but concerns arose when only some parents received a newsletter about the assembly, which uses inaccurate statistics and may have a religious tone. California Education Code requires 14 days notification before sexuality issues may be discussed in schools.3 In accordance with the code, the school superintendent cancelled the talk.

The minister, however, kept his scheduled presentation to parents of high school students entitled “Raising Chaste Teens.” The assembly was met with mixed responses. “The framework was clearly a faith-based framework,” said one parent.4 A principal from a private Christian school, however, felt the material was appropriate. “I kept asking myself: What’s he presenting that parents wouldn’t want their kids to hear?”5

Currently, only ninth graders in Calaveras County receive health education. The superintendent wishes to change the curriculum by forming a committee to discuss comprehensive sexuality education for all high school grades.6

Students Win Free Speech Battle
November 2006; Kern County, CA
After more than a year of controversy, a federal court in Kern County issued a mandate to protect free speech rights of students at East High School in Bakersfield. The decision came in response to newspaper articles that were censored by the school’s principal during the 2004–05 school year.

At the end of the 2005 school season, student writers for the school’s newspaper, The Kernal, wanted to publish a series of articles related to sexual orientation. The principal, however, felt that the stories would be a threat to gay students and asked that they not be printed in the newspaper.7 The American Civil Liberties Union, on behalf of the student editors, filed a lawsuit, requesting that the articles be published by the end of the academic year. The court, however, required more specific information about the school’s ruling. Unable to produce viable reasons for the censorship, the school agreed to print the articles in October 2005.

The editors continued with the lawsuit in order to ensure that a free speech policy would be instituted to protect all students at East High School in the future. The court order, issued in November 2006, grants freedom of speech to the students and also limits censorship: “Prior to any restrictions of student speech, school officials will consider all practical alternative options, and, where feasible, will implement any such practical alternative options instead of restricting the speech.”8

Court Rules Against Anti-Homosexuality T-Shirts
April–August 2006; CA
In April 2006, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled against the wearing of gay-bashing t-shirts, claiming that such attire disrupts the school educational environment.

The case was brought to court by a San Diego high school student, who, in 2004, wore a t-shirt stating: “Be Ashamed, Our School Embraced What God Has Condemned. Homosexuality is Shameful” on the day after the school’s Day of Silence, an event intended to engender tolerance of different sexual orientations.9 When asked by school officials to remove his shirt, the student refused, claiming he was expressing his First Amendment right to freedom of speech. The student solicited the representation of the Alliance Defense Fund and filed a lawsuit against the Poway Unified School District.

Judge Stephen Reinhardt, writing the majority opinion, stated that a school may enforce a dress code “if it can demonstrate that the restriction was necessary to prevent either violation of the rights of other students or substantial disruption of school activities.”10 In August, the Appellate Court refused the student’s appeal for the full court to hear his case.

The controversy over t-shirts with anti-homosexual sentiments continues, however. In May 2006, twelve students at Oakmont High School in Roseville, California were suspended for wearing shirts reading “Homosexuality is Sin. Jesus Will Set You Free.”11 Represented by the conservative group Pacific Justice Institute, the students are considering suing the school in the hopes that their lawsuit will work its way through the court system and ultimately reverse the Ninth Circuit’s decision.

School Trustees Approve Comprehensive Sexuality Education Curriculum
February 2006; Santa Ana, CA
In an update to a controversy SIECUS has been tracking since 2001, Santa Ana Unified Trustees approved changes to the sexuality education curriculum to include information about condoms and other birth control options. Revisions were made to abide by the state mandate to teach comprehensive sexuality education.

Nonetheless, the vote was met with continuing disapproval from a dissenting trustee, parents, and religious leaders. One parent expressed concern about the new additions, stating, “It is immoral and unsafe to tell our children that it is okay to have sex as long as they use a condom.”12 Trustees pointed out that parents have the right to withdraw their children from sexuality education classes.

In 2005, the trustees voted to add supplemental materials to the sexual education program. They had originally been presented with a textbook that contained no information about condoms or birth control methods. At one school board meeting, 120 parents, students, and community members attended and all 12 of the public speakers expressed support for a more comprehensive approach than that taken by the proposed textbook.13 In the end the trustees agreed to approve the textbook, Health, by Glencoe/McGraw Hill, on the condition that materials with more comprehensive information be added to the curriculum. “This is not about morals, this is not about values. This is about health,” said one trustee who voted in favor of the supplemental texts. “The reality is that people are having sex and people are going to continue having sex. [Students] need to make informed choices to maintain a healthy lifestyle.”14

Gay Rights Poster in Schools Sparks Debate
January 2006; San Leandro, CA
San Leandro Unified School District became the center of controversy after the school board mandated that every classroom hang a poster in support of gay rights. The school board’s action was in response to several reports of discrimination and racism at San Leandro High School.

The posters, made by the high school’s Gay-Straight Alliance, show the school’s support of the LGBTQ community by stating, “This is a safe place to be who you are. This sign affirms that support and resources are available for you in this school.”15 A spokesman for The Culture and Family Institute opposed the new rule, stating that “the school district has no business telling teachers to glorify behavior that has such a long list of health risks.”16

According to the San Francisco Chronicle, five teachers refused to display the poster in their classroom because of religious reasons. San Leandro High School officials, however, denied that rumor. The principal said, “I had one teacher who was really struggling with this, but no one is saying ‘I’m not going to do it.’”17

Catholic School Limits Gay Parents’ Role
June 2005; Costa Mesa, CA
Parents of students attending St. John the Baptist School in Costa Mesa, CA were divided over the issue of admitting children of same-sex parents. The controversy among the school community escalated in December 2004 when 18 parents made continuous demands that the school remove the adopted sons of two Costa Mesa men from the school’s kindergarten class, arguing that the parents’ lifestyle violates Church doctrine. Worried that the school would be forced to compromise its Catholic teachings as a result of the boys’ presence, parents threatened to involve the Vatican and remove their children from the school.18

The issue appeared settled in January 2005, when the diocese rejected the parents’ demands to remove the two children from the kindergarten class. However, according to a memo distributed to teachers, a new policy, to be included in the 2005–06 parent-student handbook, would state that “the children adopted by a same-sex couple may enroll on the condition that the same-sex couple agree not to present themselves as a couple at school functions.”19

Anti-Gay Attack Perpetrated by Homosexual Student
May 2005; Mill Valley, CA
Beginning in November 2004, students at Tamalpais High School in Mill Valley, CA rallied against a slew of anti-gay graffiti, threats, and attacks that wracked their otherwise tolerant school community. Incidents specifically targeted a 17-year-old student as well as openly gay teachers, and ranged from the inscribing of “fag class” on the classroom door of a lesbian teacher to allegations of egg pelting outside the student’s home.

Amidst attacks in December 2004, students demonstrated a collective contempt for the hateful gestures by holding candlelight vigils, speak outs, and rallies, and distributing lavender ribbons in a show of solidarity. A poster reading, “Tam and the community won’t tolerate hate,” was signed by students. “I’m so proud to be a teacher at Tam High,” said openly gay teacher Lisa Miller in response to the unique display of student activism.

School administrators and police had investigated the incidents as serious hate crimes and threatened expulsion and arrest of the perpetrator. The entire community, however, felt shocked and betrayed when police revealed in April 2005 that the very student who claimed to be the target of the attacks had confessed to being the culprit, harassing teachers and vandalizing her own locker and car. Disciplinary action was taken against the student, who was suspended and stripped of her title as the school’s athlete of the year. She also faced possible expulsion.20

California’s Youth: Statistical Information of Note21

In 2000, California’s abortion rate was 36 per 1,000 women ages 15–19 compared to a teen abortion rate of 24 per 1,000 nationwide. 22

In 2004, California’s birth rate was 40 per 1,000 women ages 15–19 compared to a teen birth rate of 41 per 1,000 nationwide.23

Los Angeles, California

In 2005, 35% of female high school students and 49% of male high school students in Los Angeles, California reported ever having had sexual intercourse compared to 46% of female high school students and 48% of male high school students nationwide.

In 2005, 2% of female high school students and 10% of male high school students in Los Angeles, California reported having had sexual intercourse before age 13 compared to 4% of female high school students and 9% of male high school students nationwide.

In 2005, 7% of female high school students and 17% of male high school students in Los Angeles, California reported having had four or more lifetime sexual partners compared to 12% of female high school students and 17% of male high school students nationwide.

In 2005, 26% of female high school students and 28% of male high school students in Los Angeles, California reported being currently sexually active (defined as having had sexual intercourse in the three months prior to the survey) compared to 35% of female high school students and 33% of male high school students nationwide.

In 2005, among those high school students who reported being currently sexually active, 68% of females and 76% of males in Los Angeles, California reported having used condoms the last time they had sexual intercourse compared to 56% of females and 70% of males nationwide.

In 2005, among those high school students who reported being currently sexually active, 4% of females and 4% of males in Los Angeles, California reported having used birth control pills the last time they had sexual intercourse compared to 21% of females and 15% of males nationwide.

In 2005, among those high school students who reported being currently sexually active, 15% of females and 29% of males in Los Angeles, California reported having used alcohol or drugs the last time they had sexual intercourse compared to 19% of females and 28% of males nationwide.

In 2005, 86% of high school students in Los Angeles, California reported having been taught about AIDS/HIV in school compared to 88% of high school students nationwide.

San Bernardino, California

In 2005, 37% of female high school students and 55% of male high school students in San Bernardino, California reported ever having had sexual intercourse compared to 46% of female high school students and 48% of male high school students nationwide.

In 2005, 5% of female high school students and 14% of male high school students in San Bernardino, California reported having had sexual intercourse before age 13 compared to 4% of female high school students and 9% of male high school students nationwide.

In 2005, 7% of female high school students and 18% of male high school students in San Bernardino, California reported having had four or more lifetime sexual partners compared to 12% of female high school students and 17% of male high school students nationwide.

In 2005, 27% of female high school students and 32% of male high school students in San Bernardino, California reported being currently sexually active (defined as having had sexual intercourse in the three months prior to the survey) compared to 35% of female high school students and 33% of male high school students nationwide.

In 2005, among those high school students who reported being currently sexually active, 53% of females and 69% of males in San Bernardino, California reported having used condoms the last time they had sexual intercourse compared to 56% of females and 70% of males nationwide.

In 2005, among those high school students who reported being currently sexually active, 9% of females and 10% of males in San Bernardino, California reported having used birth control pills the last time they had sexual intercourse compared to 21% of females and 15% of males nationwide.

In 2005, among those high school students who reported being currently sexually active, 16% of females and 24% of males in San Bernardino, California reported having used alcohol or drugs the last time they had sexual intercourse compared to 19% of females and 28% of males nationwide.

In 2005, 81% of high school students in San Bernardino, California reported having been taught about AIDS/HIV in school compared to 88% of high school students nationwide.

San Diego, California

In 2005, 38% of female high school students and 43% of male high school students in San Diego, California reported ever having had sexual intercourse compared to 46% of female high school students and 48% of male high school students nationwide.

In 2005, 3% of female high school students and 9% of male high school students in San Diego, California reported having had sexual intercourse before age 13 compared to 4% of female high school students and 9% of male high school students nationwide.

In 2005, 7% of female high school students and 14% of male high school students in San Diego, California reported having had four or more lifetime sexual partners compared to 12% of female high school students and 17% of male high school students nationwide.

In 2005, 28% of female high school students and 27% of male high school students in San Diego, California reported being currently sexually active (defined as having had sexual intercourse in the three months prior to the survey) compared to 35% of female high school students and 33% of male high school students nationwide.

In 2005, among those high school students who reported being currently sexually active, 54% of females and 71% of males in San Diego, California reported having used condoms the last time they had sexual intercourse compared to 56% of females and 70% of males nationwide.

In 2005, among those high school students who reported being currently sexually active, 14% of females and 15% of males in San Diego, California reported having used birth control pills the last time they had sexual intercourse compared to 21% of females and 15% of males nationwide.

In 2005, among those high school students who reported being currently sexually active, 15% of females and 25% of males in San Diego, California reported having used alcohol or drugs the last time they had sexual intercourse compared to 19% of females and 28% of males nationwide.

In 2005, 89% of high school students in San Diego, California reported having been taught about AIDS/HIV in school compared to 88% of high school students nationwide.

San Francisco, California

In 2005, 30% of female high school students and 33% of male high school students in San Francisco, California reported ever having had sexual intercourse compared to 46% of female high school students and 48% of male high school students nationwide.

In 2005, 3% of female high school students and 7% of male high school students in San Francisco, California reported having had sexual intercourse before age 13 compared to 4% of female high school students and 9% of male high school students nationwide.

In 2005, 6% of female high school students and 12% of male high school students in San Francisco, California reported having had four or more lifetime sexual partners compared to 12% of female high school students and 17% of male high school students nationwide.

In 2005, 21% of female high school students and 23% of male high school students in San Francisco, California reported being currently sexually active (defined as having had sexual intercourse in the three months prior to the survey) compared to 35% of female high school students and 33% of male high school students nationwide.

In 2005, among those high school students who reported being currently sexually active, 58% of females and 74% of males in San Francisco, California reported having used condoms the last time they had sexual intercourse compared to 56% of females and 70% of males nationwide.

In 2005, among those high school students who reported being currently sexually active, 14% of females and 10% of males in San Francisco, California reported having used birth control pills the last time they had sexual intercourse compared to 21% of females and 15% of males nationwide.

In 2005, among those high school students who reported being currently sexually active, 16% of females and 18% of males in San Francisco, California reported having used alcohol or drugs the last time they had sexual intercourse compared to 19% of females and 28% of males nationwide.

In 2005, 84% of high school students in San Francisco, California reported having been taught about AIDS/HIV in school compared to 88% of high school students nationwide.

Title V Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Funding
California is the only state that has never applied for and never received Title V abstinence-only-until-marriage funding. California would have been eligible for $7,055,239 in Title V abstinence-only-until-marriage funding in Fiscal Year 2006; however, the state chose not to apply for these funds due to the extraordinary restrictions upon how the money must be spent. Therefore, the state does not match funds nor does it have organizations supported by this type of federal money.

California did, however, try its own state-funded abstinence-only-until-marriage program from 1992–1996. The program, Education Now and Babies Later (ENABL), was ended after evaluations found it to be ineffective. The curriculum served 187,000 youth in schools and communities, but evaluations showed that “youth in treatment and control groups were equally as likely to have become sexually active, and youth in treatment groups were not less likely than youths in control groups to report a pregnancy or sexually transmitted infection.”24 This evaluation has been instrumental in California’s continued decision to reject Title V funds.

Community-Based Abstinence Education (CBAE) and Adolescent Family Life Act (AFLA) Grantees
There are nine CBAE grantees in California: the Await and Find Project, California Hispanic Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse, Catholic Charities of the Diocese of Santa Rosa, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Great Beginnings for Black Babies, Imperial Valley Regional Occupational Program, New Harvest Christian Fellowship, Inc., Riverside-San Bernadine County Indian Health, and Teen Awareness, Inc. There are six AFLA grantees in California: Communities Choosing Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program (C-CAPP), Economic and Social Opportunities (ESO), Kings Community Action Organization, Northridge Hospital Foundation, Vista Community Clinic, and Teen Link Community Project–YMCA of San Diego County.

Teen Awareness, Inc.’s website states, “Don’t believe the hype about ‘safe sex’…Condoms don’t cover all skin to skin contact, offer little protection from herpes, and are not effective in preventing the spread of HPV.” In fact, the CDC states that condoms can effectively reduce the transmission of both herpes and HPV. And, according to a University of Washington study published in the New England Journal of Medicine, consistent condom use can cut a woman’s risk of infection by 70 percent and protect her from developing precancerous cervical changes.25 Nevertheless, the website concludes, “That’s why any sexual activity or touching of the genitals is risky outside a committed, monogamous relationship in which no STDs are present. Condoms don’t cover the heart. The only ‘Safe Sex’ is abstinence!!!”26 The website offers “How to Wait” suggestions for students including “be careful about how you dress (are you sending the wrong message?)” and “don’t get into situations that are tempting (like being home alone).”27

Catholic Charities of the Diocese of Santa Rosa has a youth abstinence-only-until-marriage program called “Free-to-Be,” a peer educator group that presents in over 500 northern California classrooms every year.28 Free-to-Be encourages youth to take a virginity pledge and “make your commitment to abstinence today.”29 The “printable Abstinence card” states, “Starting today, I’m saving sex for the person I marry because I want to love that person even now.”30 Research has found that under certain conditions such pledges, most commonly called virginity pledges, may help some adolescents delay sexual intercourse. When they work, pledges help this select group of adolescents delay the onset of sexual intercourse for an average of 18 months—far short of marriage. Researchers found that pledges only worked when taken by a small group of students. Pledges taken by a whole class were ineffective. More importantly, the studies also found that those young people who took a pledge were one-third less likely to use contraception when they did become sexually active than their peers who had not pledged. These teens are therefore more vulnerable to the risks of unprotected sexual activity, such as unintended pregnancy and STDs, including HIV/AIDS. Further research has confirmed that although some students who take pledges delay intercourse, ultimately they are just as likely to contract an STD as their non-pledging peers. The study also found that the STD rates were higher in communities where a significant proportion (over 20%) of the young people had taken virginity pledges.31

Federal and State Funding for Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Programs in FY 2006

Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Grantee
Length of Grant

Amount of Grant

Type of Grant (includes Title V, CBAE, AFLA, and other funds)

Await and Find Project
2004–2007
www.awaitandfind.org

$800,000

CBAE

California Hispanic Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse
2006–2011
www.chcada.org

$600,000

CBAE

Catholic Charities of the Diocese of Santa Rosa
2004–2007
www.srcharities.org

$361,605

CBAE

Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science
2003–2006
www.cdrewu.edu

$762,072

CBAE

Great Beginnings for Black Babies
2003–2006
www.gbbb.org

$398,350

CBAE

Imperial Valley Regional Occupational Program
2005–2008
www.ivrop.org

$412,485

CBAE

New Harvest Christian Fellowship, Inc.
2006–2011
www.newharvestoneighty.com

$600,000

CBAE

Riverside-San Bernardino County Indian Health
2005–2008

$459,974

CBAE

Teen Awareness Inc.
2004–2007
www.teenawareness.org

$800,000

CBAE

Communities Choosing Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program (C-CAPP)
2003–2008

$200,000

AFLA

Economic and Social Opportunities (ESO)
2003–2008
www.esoi.org

$200,000

AFLA

Kings Community Action Organization
2004–2009
www.kcao.org

$237,567

AFLA

Northridge Hospital Foundation
2002–2007

$210,647

AFLA

Vista Community Clinic
2002–2007
www.vistacommunityclinic.org

$225,000

AFLA

Teen Link Community Project–YMCA of San Diego County
2002–2007
www.ymca.org

$225,000

AFLA

California Organizations that Support Comprehensive Sexuality Education

ACLU of Northern California
39 Drumm St.
San Francisco, CA 94111
Phone: (415) 621-2493
www.aclunc.org
Bay Area Communities for Health Education
2977 Ygnacio Valley Rd., #187
Walnut Creek, CA 94598
Phone: (925) 899-6789

Campfire USA Orange County Council
14742 Plaza Dr., Suite 205
Tustin, CA 92780
Phone: (714) 838-9991
www.campfireoc.org

Fresno Barrios Unidos
4403 East Tulare Ave.
Fresno, CA 93702
Phone: (559) 453-9662
barriosunidos.tripod.com

Gay-Straight Alliance Network
160 14th St.
San Francisco, CA 94103
Phone: (415) 552-4229
www.gsanetwork.org

NARAL Pro-Choice California
111 Pine St., Suite 1500
San Francisco, CA 94111
Phone: (415) 890-1020
www.caral.org

Planned Parenthood of California
555 Capitol Mall, Suite 510
Sacramento, CA 95814
Phone: (916) 446-5247
www.ppacca.org

Teen Pregnancy Coalition of San Mateo County
703 Woodside Rd., Suite 7
Redwood City, CA 94061
Phone: (650) 367-1937
www.teenpregnancycoalition.org

California Organizations that Oppose Comprehensive Sexuality Education

Abiding Truth Ministries
P.O. Box 891023
Temecula, CA 92589
Phone: (916) 965-8925
www.abidingtruth.com
Alternate Avenues Women’s
Resource Center
300 East 7th St., Suite 1E
Upland, CA 91786
Phone: (909) 920-5518
www.alternateAve.s.org

Capital Resource Institute
1414 K St., Suite 200
Sacramento, CA 95814
Phone: (916) 498-1940
www.capitolresource.org

California ProLife Council
2306 J St., Suite 200
Sacramento, CA 95816
Phone: (916) 442-8315
www.californiaprolife.org

California Right to Life
P.O. Box 4343
Walnut Creek, CA 94596
Phone: (925)944.5351
www.calright2life.org

Citizens for Excellence in Education
P.O. Box 3200
Costa Mesa, CA 92628
Phone: (714) 546-2226
www.nace-cee.org

Citizens for Excellence in Education
P.O. Box 3200
Costa Mesa, CA 92628
Phone: (714) 546-2226
www.nace-cee.org

First Resort Medical and Counseling Offices
400 30th St., Suite 401
Oakland, CA 94609
Phone: (510) 891-9998
www.firstresort.net

Life Research Institute
4279 Armand Dr.
Concord, CA 94521
www.geocities.com/kekogut/

Pacific Justice Institute
P.O. Box 276600
Sacramento, CA 95827
Phone: (916) 857-6900
www.pacificjustice.org

Right to Life League of Southern California
1028 North Lake Ave., Suite 207
Pasadena, CA 91104
Phone: (626) 398-6100
www.rtllsc.org

Sanctity of Human Life Network
P.O. Box 342
Fair Oaks, CA 95628
Phone: (916) 481-8926
www.sohlnet.org

Traditional Values Coalition
100 South Anaheim Blvd., Suite 350
Anaheim, CA 92805
Phone: (714) 520-0300
www.traditionalvalues.org

United States Justice Foundation
932 D St., Suite 2
Ramona, CA 92065
Phone: (760) 788-6624
http://forum.usjf.net/

Westside Pregnancy Resource Center
828 Pico Blvd., #7
Santa Monica, CA 90405
Phone: (310) 581-1140
www.wprc.org

Women’s Resource Network
2411 East Valley Parkway, #315
Escondido, CA 92046
Phone: (760) 741-5114
www.womensresourcenetwork.org

Newspapers in California

Bakersfield Californian
Emily Hagedorn
Health & Medicine Reporter
P.O. Box 440
Bakersfield, CA 93302
Phone: (661) 395-7510

Bakersfield Californian
Christine Peterson
Health & Medicine Editor
1707 Eye St.
Bakersfield, CA 93301
Phone: (661) 395-7418

Contra Costa Times
Audra Harris
Health & Medicine Editor
P.O. Box 8099
Walnut Creek, CA 94596
Phone: (925) 952-2686

Contra Costa Times
Joan Morris
Health & Medicine Staff Writer
2640 Shadelands Dr.
Walnut Creek, CA 94598
Phone: (925) 977-8479

The Fresno Bee
Barbara Anderson
Health & Medicine Reporter
1626 E St.
Fresno, CA 93786
Phone: (559) 441-6310

Los Angeles Times
Julie Marquis
Health & Medicine Editor
202 W. 1st St.
Los Angeles, CA 90012
Phone: (213) 237-7718

Los Angeles Times
Charles Ornstein
Health & Medicine Staff Writer
202 W. 1st St.
Los Angeles, CA 90012
Phone: (213) 237-7969

Los Angeles Times
Shari Roan
Health & Medicine Staff Writer
202 W. 1st St.
Los Angeles, CA 90012
Phone: (213) 237-7619

The Modesto Bee
Ken Carlson
Health & Medicine Reporter
P.O. Box 5256
Modesto, CA 95352
Phone: (209) 578-2321

The Modesto Bee
Susan Windemuth
Health & Medicine Editor
1325 H St.
Modesto, CA 95354
Phone: (209) 578-2379

Oakland Tribune
Mike Oliver
Regional Editor
P.O. Box 28884
Oakland, CA 94604
Phone: (510) 208-6467

Orange County Register
Andre Mouchand
Health Team Leader
P.O. Box 11626
Santa Ana, CA 92711
Phone: (714) 796-7926

Orange County Register
Cathy Lawhorn
Life Reporter
625 N. Grand Ave.
Santa Ana, CA 92701
Phone: (714) 792-2330

Orange County Register
Lisa Liddane
Health and Fitness Columnist
P.O. Box 11626
Santa Ana, CA 92711
Phone: (714) 796-7854

The Press Democrat
George Manes
Policy Reporter
P.O. Box 910
Santa Rosa, CA 95402
Phone: (707) 521-8502

The Press-Enterprise
Doug Beeman
Health & Medicine Reporter
P.O. Box 792
Riverside, CA 92502
Phone: (951) 368-9549

The Sacramento Bee
Bill Enfield
Health & Medicine Editor
P.O. Box 15779
Sacramento, CA 95852
Phone: (916) 321-1001

The Sacramento Bee
Dorsey Griffith
Health & Medicine Writer
P.O. Box 15779
Sacramento, CA 95852
Phone: (916) 321-1001

San Diego Union-Tribune
Bill Osborne
Senior Editor
P.O. Box 120191
San Diego, CA 92112
Phone: (619) 293-1395

San Diego Union-Tribune
Ray Tessler
Health & Medicine Editor
P.O. Box 120191
San Diego, CA 92112
Phone: (619) 293-1293

San Francisco Chronicle
Carl Hall
Health & Medicine Reporter
901 Mission St.
San Francisco, CA 94103
Phone: (415) 777-1111

San Francisco Chronicle
Keay Davidson
Science Reporter
901 Mission St.
San Francisco, CA 94103
Phone: (415) 777-1111

San Francisco Chronicle
Sabin Russell
Health & Medicine Reporter
901 Mission St.
San Francisco, CA 94103
Phone: (415) 777-8447

San Francisco Chronicle
Terry Robertson
Assistant Metro Editor
901 Mission St.
San Francisco, CA 94103
Phone: (415) 777-1111

San Francisco Examiner
Bonnie Eslinger
Education Reporter
450 Mission St.
San Francisco, CA 94105
Phone: (415) 359-2722

San Jose Mercury News
Marilee Enge
Education Editor
750 Ridder Park Dr.
San Jose, CA 95190
Phone: (408) 920-5740

San Jose Mercury News
Elizabeth Rubinfien
Metro Editor
310 University Ave., #200
Palo Alto, CA 94301
Phone: (408) 920-5055

San Jose Mercury News
Natalie Martinez
Teen Reporter
750 Ridder Park Dr.
San Jose, CA 95190
Phone: (408) 920-5965

Ventura County Star
Julie Price
Health & Medicine Editor
5250 Ralston St.
Ventura, CA 93003
Phone: (805) 650-2900

Siskiyou Daily News
Deborra Clayton
Managing Editor
309 S. BRd.way St.
Yreka, CA 96097
Phone: (530) 842-5777

References

This refers to the fiscal year for the federal government which begins on October 1 and ends on September 30. The fiscal year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends; for example, Fiscal Year 2006 begins on October 1, 2005 and ends on September 30, 2006.

Erin Allday, “Ex-Surgeons General Join to Fight STDs, Local Researchers, Elders, Satcher Address Sex Ed,” San Francisco Chronicle, 2 November 2006, accessed 2 November 2006, <http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/11/02/MNG59M4B4P1.DTL>.

Mike Taylor, “Abstinence Assembly Postponed at Bret Harte,” Calaveras Enterprise, 8 November 2006, accessed 16 November 2006, <http://www.calaverasenterprise.com/articles/2006/11/13/news/news03.txt>.

Sunny Lockwood, “Nixed Sex-Ed Assembly Still Making Waves,” The Union Democrat, 8 December 2006, accessed 11 December 2006, < http://www.uniondemocrat.com/news/story.cfm?story_no=22137>.

Ibid.

Ibid.

American Civil Liberties Union, “Lawsuit Settled Over Censorship of Story about Sexual Orientation,” Press Release published 16 November 2006, accessed 16 November 2006, <http://www.aclu.org/freespeech/youth/27414prs20061116.html>.

Ibid.

Henry Weinstein, “Court Rules Against Gay-Bashing T-Shirts,” Los Angeles Times, 20 April 2006, accessed 21 April 2006 <http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-042006tshirt_lat,0,3655114.story?coll=la-story-footer>.

Associated Press, “Court Enforces School’s Ban of Anti-Gay Shirt,” Fox News, 20 April 2006, accessed <http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,192527,00.html>.

Gudrun Schultz, “Students Consider Lawsuit After School Suspension for Voicing Opposition to Homosexuality,” LifeSite News, 8 May 2006, accessed 8 June 2006, <http://www.lifesite.net/ldn/2006/may/06050802.html>.

Fermin Leal, “Santa Ana Unified Weighs Sex Education,” Orange County Register, 14 February 2006, accessed 14 February 2006, <http://www.ocregister.com/ocregister/life/education/article_997555.php>.

Fermin Leal, “Santa Ana Schools OK Sex Ed,” Orange County Register, 28 September 2005, accessed 11 January 2006, <www.ocregister.com/ocregister/homepage/abox/article_692957.php >.

Ibid.

Katy Murphy, “School Denies Flap Over Gay Signs,” Inside Bay Area, 26 January 2006, accessed 14 February 2006, <http://www.insidebayarea.com/dailyreview/localnews/ci_3439113>.

Jim Brown and Judie Brown, “Pro-Homosexual School Posters Fostering ‘Intolerance,’ Says Family Advocate,” Agape Press, 30 January 2006, accessed 30 January 2006, <http://headlines.agapepress.org/archive/1/302006a.asp>.

Murphy.

Joel Rubin and William Lobdell, “Enrollment of Gays’ Sons Roils O.C. Catholic School,” Los Angeles Times, 2 January 2005, B1; Fermin Leal, “Parents Protest Kids of Gay Pair,” Orange County Register, 4 January 2005.

Seema Mehta, “Catholic School in O.C. Limits Gay Parents,” Los Angeles Times, 14 June 2005, B3.

Jim Brown “Faked ‘Gay Bashing’ Incident Not Cause for Derision, Says Former Homosexual,” Agape Press, 18 May 2005, accessed 20 June 2005, <http://headlines.agapepress.org/archive/5/182005e.asp>.

Unless otherwise cited, all statistical information comes from Danice K. Eaton, et al., “Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United States, 2005,” Surveillance Summaries, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, vol. 55, no. SS-5 (9 June 2006): 1-108, accessed 23 January 2007, <http://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/yrbs/index.htm>. California did not participate in the 2005 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance, but many of the state’s major cities did.

U.S. Teenage Pregnancy Statistics: Overall Trends, Trends by Race and Ethnicity and State-by-State Information (New York: The Guttmacher Institute, February 2004), accessed 26 January 2007, <http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/2006/09/12/USTPstats.pdf>.

National Vital Statistics Reports 55.01 (Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 2006), 10, accessed 26 January 2006, <http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr55/nvsr55_01.pdf>.

Doug Kirby, et al., “The Impact of the Postponing Sexual Involvement Curriculum among Youths in California,” Family Planning Perspectives 29 (1997): 100-108.

Rachel Winer, Ph.D., “Condom Use and the Risk of Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection in Young Women,” New England Journal of Medicine 354.25 (2006): 2645-2654.

“Archived Tid Bits,” Teen Awareness, accessed 11 January 2007 <http://www.teenawareness.org/tidbits.php>.

“Students,” Teen Awareness, accessed 11 January 2007 <http://www.teenawareness.org/students.php>.

“Free-to-Be About Us,” Free-to-Be, accessed 11 January 2007 < http://www.free-to-be.net/index3.html>.

Ibid.

“What About You?,” Free-to-Be, accessed 30 January 2007 <http://www.free-to-be.net/index3.html>.

Peter Bearman and Hannah Brückner, “Promising the Future: Virginity Pledges and the Transition to First Intercourse,” American Journal of Sociology 106.4 (2001): 859-912; Peter Bearman and Hannah Brückner, “After the Promise: The STD Consequences of Adolescent Virginity Pledges,” Journal of Adolescent Health 36.4 (2005): 271-278.

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